Cosmopolitan Magazine Chief Editor
The Islamic Origins of Modern Science
Fourteen centuries after God sent the Koran as a guide for all humanity.
At the time the Arab society was in a state of complete degeneration, chaos and ignorance. They were a barbaric people to make their own idols, believed worships war and bloodshed to be virtuous, and were even capable of killing its own children. They had little interest in spiritual things, let alone a scientific perspective on the natural world.
However, through Islam they learned humanity and civilization. Not only the Arabs but all the communities that the Accepted Islam escaped the darkness of ignorance and age are illuminated by the divine wisdom of the Koran. Among the faculties the Qur'an brought to mankind was the scientific thinking.
The scientific paradigm in light of the Quran
The emergence of scientific thought is the sense of curiosity. Because people ask how to work the universe and nature, to study them and is interested in science. But most people lack this curiosity. For them the important things not the secrets of the universe and nature but their own small worldly profits and pleasures. In communities where people who think in this manner are responsible science has not develop. Laziness and ignorance rule.
The Arab community before the Qur'an was of this type. But the verses of the Koran, they asked to think and to explore their thoughts, perhaps to use the first time in her life.
In one of the first verses of the Koran revealed, God drew the attention of the Arabs Kamel, a part of their daily life:
Did they not see the camel, how it was created?
And raised up in the sky, how was it?
And in the mountains-how were they embedded?
And in the earth-how it is spread out?
So they remember! You're just a memory. (Qur'an, 88: 17-21)
In many other Verses of the Qur'an are, instructed the people to determine nature and learn from it because people can know God only through the examination of his creations. For this Reason, in a verse of Quran, Muslims as people who defined thinking about the creation of heaven and the earth:
Those who remember God standing and Sitting, lying and on the side, and the creation of the heavens and the earth (saying): 'Our Lord, Thou hast not created this in vain. Glory be to Thee! So protect us from the torment of the fire. "(Qur'an, 3: 191)
An early manuscript of the Koran.
Like This, for a Muslim, but the interest in science is a very important form of worship. In many verses of the Koran, God instructed the Muslims in the sky to study the earth, living things or their own existence and think about it. If we are the verses, we find references to the most important branches of science in the Koran.
For example, in the Qur'an, God encourages the science of Astronomy:
Who created the seven heavens in layers. You will not find any fault in the foundation of the All-Merciful. Look again-do you see any gaps? (Quran, 67: 3)
Another verse of the Qur'an, God encourages the study of astronomy and the composition of the earth, that science Geology:
Not see them at the sky above them? As we have made it and adorned it, and there are no errors in it? And the earth We have spread it, and made it permanent Mountains, and produced therein every kind of beautiful growth (in pairs) observed and remembered every devotee turning (to God). (Quran, 50: 6-8)
In the Koran, God encourages the study of botany:
It is he who sends down water from heaven, from which we bring to the growth of every kind, from which we give birth to the green Shoots and from them We bring close-packed seeds, and hang down from the spathes of the date palm date clusters and gardens of grapes and olives and pomegranates, both similar and dissimilar. Look at their fruits as they bear fruit and ripen. There is evidence that for people who believe. (Qur'an, 6:99)
In another verse of the Qur'an, God draws attention to zoology:
They have a lesson in animal husbandry … (Qur'an, 16:66)
Here is a verse about the science of archeology and anthropology:
Have not seen her in the ground and the final fate of those before them? (Qur'an, 30: 9)
In another verse of the Qur'an, God draws attention to the proof of God in a person's own body and mind:
There are certainly signs in the ground for people with certainty, and in you too. Do not you see? (Qur'an, 51: 20-21)
As we can see, we recommend Gott all the sciences to Muslims in the Koran. Therefore the spread of Islam in history has also meant the growth of scientific knowledge.
The scientific Renaissance of the Middle East
Muslim scholars in Bagdat, the world's
scientific capital of the time.
As we have already mentioned, when the Prophet Mohammed (PBH) began to preach Islam, the Arabs were a community of ignorant, superstitious tribes. But thanks to the light of the Qur'an they were rescued from superstition and began to follow the path of reason. As a result, one of the most astonishing developments in world history took place and in a few decades of Islam, which arose from the small town of Medina, spread of Africa to Central Asia. The Arabs, who had not even been a rule a single city in harmony, came to be rulers of a world empire.
One the most important facets of this empire was that it unmatched stage to a scientific development so far in history. lived in a time when Europe through the dark Middle Ages, the Islamic world created the greatest legacy of scientific discoveries in the history seen at this time. The sciences of medicine, geometry, Algebra, astronomy and even sociology were developed systematically for the first time.
Great centers of religious learning were also centers of knowledge and scientific Development. Such formal centers began during the Abbasid period (750-1258 AD), were founded when thousands of mosque schools. In the tenth century Baghdad had some 300 schools. Alexandria in the fourteenth century had 12,000 students. It was in the tenth century that the formal concept of the Madrassah (school) was developed in Baghdad. The madrasa had a curriculum and full-time and part-time teachers, many of whom were women. Rich and poor alike received free education. From there (libraries) Maktabat were developed and acquired foreign books. The two most famous are Bait al-Hikmah in Baghdad (ca. 820) and Dar al-Ilm in Cairo (about 998). Universities such as Al-Azhar (969 AD) were also long before they established themselves in Europe. The Islamic world created the first universities – and even hospitals – in the world.
Islamic scientific manuscripts from the medieval age, meticulous studies of human anatomy and zoology.
This fact is very surprising to modern Westerners in general a different kind of picture about Islam in their minds. But this picture emerges from ignorance about the origins and history of the Islamic civilization. Those who get rid of this ignorance – and some prejudices recognize – the true nature of Islam. An example of this is a new documentary by PBS, titled Islam: The Empire of Faith, in which the commentator rightly states that:
In the unfolding of history, Islamic civilization has one of the largest Achievements of mankind have been … For the West, much of the history of Islam behind a veil of fear and misunderstanding has been tarnished. But Islam is deeply hidden in history and interwoven with a surprise of Western civilization … It was they (Muslim scholars) that the seeds of the Renaissance, 600 years before the birth of Leonardo da Vinci sewn. From the way we heal the sick, the numbers we use for counting, cultures around the world were shaped by the Islamic Civilization. 1
In an article in Salon.com, a prominent voice of the liberal American media was published, author George Rafael writes in an article entitled 'A is for Arabs "that;
From algebra and coffee guitars, optics and universities … West owes the people of the Crescent Moon … A millennium ago, while the West was shrouded in darkness, Islam enjoyed a golden age. Lighting in the streets of Cordoba in London was a barbarous pit religious tolerance in Toledo while pogroms raged from York to Vienna. As guardians of our classical heritage, Arabs were midwives to our renaissance. Their influence is strange it may seem, has always been with us, whether it is a hot cup of Joe's or the algorithms in computer programs. 2
The openness of Islam
What Muslims to be allowed to create such an advanced scientific culture was derived from the faculties of the Islamic understanding. One of them was, as we noted have to learn the motive of the universe and the nature of the principles of the Koran. Another one was open-mindedness. Both had the wisdom and the prophetic teachings Quranic Muslims are a global perspective on the world, overcoming all cultural barriers. In the Koran, God says:
Mankind! We created you from a man and a woman and made made you into nations and tribes, that you come to know about each other … "(Qur'an, 49:13)
This verse clearly promotes the cultural relations between different nations and communities. In another verse of the Koran states that "Both East and West belong to Allah" (2:115) they should Muslims around the world to see a universalist and cosmopolitan vision.
The hadiths, or sayings of the Prophet also encourage this vision. In a popular Hadith says the prophet, the Muslims that "wisdom is the lost property of Muslims, he takes it from where it can find. 'This means that Muslims have a very pragmatic generous and should be in the adaptation and utilization of cultural and scientific achievements of non-Muslims who are also non-Muslims creatures and servants of God, even when they might not be noticeable Sun The "People of the Book", ie Christians and Jews are much more compatible, because they believe in God and morality Stick It revealed humans.
In the rise of Islamic science, the role of such openness can be seen very clearly. John Esposito of Georgetown University, the most prominent Western experts on Islam, makes the following comment:
The emergence of the Islamic civilization was indeed a collaborative effort involving the learning and wisdom of many cultures and languages. As in the state administration, Christians and Jews, who had the intellectual and bureaucratic backbone of the Persian and Byzantine empires, participated in the process as well as Muslims. The "ecumenical" effort was the Caliph al-Mamun's (r. 813-33) evident House of Wisdom and the translation center headed by the renowned scholar Ibn Hunayn Isaq, a Nestorian Christian. This period of translation and adaptation was a Muslim intellectual and followed artistic creation. Muslims to be more disciples and became masters in the production process in which the Islamic civilization marked by the Arabic Language and Islam's view of life … Important contributions were made in many areas: literature and philosophy, algebra and geometry, science and medicine, art and architecture … is large urban cultural centers in Cordoba, Baghdad, Cairo, Nishapur, and Palermo emerged and shadow Christian Europe, stuck in the Dark Ages. 3
After one of the great Muslim scholars of our time, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic science "was the first science of a truly international nature in human History ". 4
Another Muslim Medieval manuscript describes the planetary motion.
But the Muslims to take over not only other cultures but developed their own. Some commentators neglect this and try to Islamic scientific development solely to the influence of ancient Greece or to link the Far East. But the real source of Islamic science was the experiments and observations of Muslim scholars. In his book "The Middle East, said Professor Bernard Lewis, an undoubted expert in Middle East history, as follows:
The achievement of medieval Islamic science is not limited to the preservation of Greek learning, nor to the inclusion in the body of the elements from the old, more and more distant East. The legacy of the medieval Islamic Scientists passed to the modern world was immensely enriched by their own efforts and contributions. Greek science, on the whole tend theoretical. Medieval Middle Eastern science was much more practical and in fields such as medicine, chemistry, astronomy and agronomy, the classical heritage was clarified and supplemented by the observations and experiments of the medieval Middle East. 5
As Westerners, noted that advanced scientific culture of the Islamic world paved the way for the Western Renaissance. Muslim scientists acted in the knowledge that their investigation of God's creation was a way by which they could know him. Esposito emphasizes that "Muslim scientists, philosophers, the mystics also often physical universe from their Islamic worldview and context as one manifestation of the presence God considered the creator and the source and unity and harmony in nature. "6 With the transfer of this paradigm and its accumulation of knowledge in the Western world began the march of the West.
The Theist Origins of Western Science
Medieval Europa was excluded from the dogmatic regime of the Catholic Church. The Church against freedom of thought and scientists under pressure. People could simply by the Inquisition for holding different beliefs to be punished or ideas. Their books were burned and they themselves were executed. Pressure on the research in the Middle Ages is often mentioned in history books, but some interpret the situation wrongly and claim that the scientists who met with the Church were against religion.
The truth is the exact opposite, the scientists the bigotry of the Church resisted, were religious believers. They were not against religion, but against the clericalism of the hard times.
For example, the renowned astronomer Galileo by the Church wanted to punish because he stated that the world rotated said: "I render infinite thanks to God for being so kind me alone the first observer of the wonders hidden in the dark retained for all previous centuries. "7
The other scientists, the modern science created were all religious.
Kepler, regarded as the founder of modern astronomy, told those who asked him why he is concerned with science, "I intend, a theologian had … but now I see how God is, through my efforts, even glorified in astronomy, explain to 'heaven the glory of God' ". 8
As with Newton, one of the greatest scientists in history, he explained the reason underlying underlying his zeal for the sciences with the words:
"… He (God) is eternal and infinite, omnipotent and omniscient, that is, its duration last forever and ever, and his presence from infinity to infinity, it governs all things and knows all things which are or can be done. … We know him only from his wise and excellent devices of things … [W] e worship and worship as his servant … "9
The great genius Pascal, the father of modern mathematics, said: "But we by faith His (God's) existence know, we will know in the glory of his nature. 10
Many other founders of modern Western science were also strong believers. For example:
"From Helmont, one of the leading figures in modern chemistry and the inventor of the thermometer, declared that science was a part of faith.
"George Cuvier, the founder of modern paleontology, fossils regarded as surviving evidence of creation and taught that life was species were created by God.
Carl Linnaeus, who first systematized scientific classification, in the creation of thought and said that was the natural order is a significant proof of the existence of God.
Gregor Mendel, the founder of genetics, and also a monk, who believed in creation and against the evolutionary theories of his time, such as Darwinism and Lamarckism.
"Louis Pasteur, the biggest names in the history of microbiology, proved that life is not produced in inert matter and taught that life is a Miracle of God.
"The famous German physicist Max Planck said that the Creator of the universe was God and stressed that faith is a necessary quality the scientist.
Albert Einstein, regarded as the most important scientists of the twentieth century, believed that science can not be wicked, and said: "Science without religion is lame."
A large number of other scientists, the modern scientific progress were religious people led, who believed in God. These scientists served science with the intent to discover that God had created the universe – a paradigm shift, those that first developed and was implemented in the Islamic world and then integrated into the West. All these theist scientists thought about the creation of the heavens and the earth and investigated in the knowledge ordained of God – as God in the Koran and the Bible. The birth of science and its development were the result of this awareness.
During the nineteenth century, however, was this awareness through a misunderstanding called materialism replaces.
The Rise and Fall of the Materialist Deviation
The nineteenth century was a Time that has witnessed the biggest mistakes in the history of mankind. These errors began with the introduction of European thought of materialist philosophy, an ancient Greek teaching.
The biggest mistake this time was Darwin's theory of evolution. Before the birth of Darwinism, biology as a branch of science, the proofs for the existence of God provided accepted. claims in his book Natural Theology, the famous author William Paley, that, to the extent that the existence of any Clock Clockmaker, natural designs prove prove the existence of God.
However, Darwin rejected this truth in his theory of evolution. By distorting the truth adjust the materialist philosophy, he claimed that all living things were the result of blind natural causes. In this way he is creating an artificial opposition between religion and science.
In her book The Messianic Legacy, English authors Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln have this to say about this topic:
For Isaac Newton, a century and a half before Darwin, science was not separated from religion, but on the contrary, an aspect of religion and ultimately subservient to it. … But the science of Darwin's time was just divorced from the context in which it had previously been rivals and established itself as absolute, an alternative repository important. As a result, religion and science were not in concert, but stood facing each other, and mankind has always been forced to choose between them. 11
Not only biology, but also the branches of sciences such as psychology and sociology were twisted according to materialist philosophy. Astronomy was distorted according to the materialist dogmas of ancient pagan Greece; a metaphysical belief in an "eternal cosmos" came to be the norm. The new aim of science was materialist Philosophy affirmed.
These false ideas about the world of science into a dead end for the past 150 years to come. Tens of thousands of scientists from different industries in the hope that in a position to prove Darwinism or other materialist theories worked.
But they were disappointed.
The scientific evidence showed the exact opposite of the result they wanted to achieve. That is, he confirmed the truth of creation. Today, the world of science is astonished by this truth. When nature turns out to examine that this is a complex plan and design in every detail, and this has cut away the foundations of materialist Philosophy.
For example, the extraordinary structure of DNA shows scientists that it is not the result of blind chance or natural laws. The DNA in a single human cell contains enough information to fill a 900-volume encyclopedia. Gene Myers, a scientist from the company Celera, which the Human Genome Project management, said:
What really amazed me is the architecture of life … The system is extremely complex. It is what it was designed … There is a great intelligence. 12
This relates to surprise the whole world of science. Scientists are amazed with the invalidity of Darwinism and of materialist philosophy, which they regarded taught as truth, and some of them have openly declared this. In his book Darwin's Black Box, biochemist Michael Behe, one of the leading critics of Darwinism, describes the situation of the scientific world as follows:
Over the past four decades, the modern biochemistry discovered the secrets of the cell. The progress has been hard won. He needs tens of thousands of people to dedicate the better parts of their life the painstaking work the lab …
To survey the results of these cumulative efforts to investigate the cell to life at the molecular level, is a loud, clear, piercing cry 'Design! " The result is so unambiguous and so significant that they must be counted as one of the greatest achievements in the history of science can …
But, no bottles have been uncorked, no hands clapped. Why does the scientific community not greedily embrace its startling discovery? The dilemma is that while one side of the [issue] is labeled intelligent design, then the other side of God are called. 13:00
The same situation is to astronomy. The astronomy of the twentieth century has demolished the materialistic theories of the nineteenth century. First with the Big Bang theory turns out that the Universe had a beginning, the moment of creation. Since then, it was recognized that in the universe is a very delicate balance that protects human life – A concept known as the anthropic principle.
For these reasons in the world of physics and astronomy atheism in rapid decline. As American physicist Robert Griffiths jokingly remarks: "If we need an atheist for a debate, I go to the Faculty of Arts. Department of Physics is not much use." 14
In short, has collapsed in our day and age of materialistic philosophy. Science is rediscovering certain very important facts by the materialistic Philosophy and this way a new concept of science to be born, will be rejected. The "Intelligent Design" theory, based on a successful career in the United States during the past 10 years, was a leading part of this new scientific concept. Those who accept this theory, that Darwinism Stress was the biggest mistake in the history of science and that there is an intelligent design in nature, the evidence of creation.
Completion
God created the entire universe, and the whole of creation shows humanity the signs of God. Science is the method of investigation that has been created, so conflict between Religion and science – provided that religion is kept only by divine revelation – is not mentioned.
On the contrary, history shows that theism is the main motive and paradigm for scientific progress made. The two major scientific achievements in world history – the Islamic scientific Aspiration of the Middle Ages and the Christian Science leap of modern times came – from faith in God. " In addition, the latter borrowed from me a great deal of knowledge, methods and visions of the former. The wisdom of the Qur'an first enlightened the Islamic world and illuminate the non-Muslim Europe. If Something went wrong in the Islamic world, was this, Because Muslims away from the sincerity, wisdom and openness to God turned the Koran teaches.
The materialist paradigm is a deviation from this pattern. He was in the 19 Century, reached its peak in the mid-20th Century and is on the brink of collapse today. No matter how arrogant and seemingly self-confident their supporters the materialist dogma and its main pillar, Darwinism, will inevitably perish in the coming decades.
And science is its authentic and true paradigm back: A search for the discovery and definition of great design and harmony in the natural world, the artifact of God.
Under the pseudonym Harun Yahya, has written some 250 works Adnan Oktar. His books contain a total of 46,000 pages and 31,500 images. These books, 7,000 pages and 6,000 illustrations deal with the collapse of evolution theory. You can read for free, has all the books Adnan Oktar wrote under the pen name Harun Yahya on these websites www.harunyahya.com
(1) Jonathan Grupper (series writer), Islam: Empire of Faith, A Documentary by Gardner Films, in conjunction with PBS, 2001
(2) George Rafael "A is for Arabs", www.Salon.com, 8 January 2002; http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2002/01/08/alphabet/
(3) John L. Esposito, Islam: the straight path, Oxford University Press, 1991, s. 52-53
(4) Quoted in Weiss and Green, p. 187
(5) Bernard Lewis, The Middle East, 1998, p. 266
(6) John L. Esposito, Islam: the straight path, see 54
(7) Galileo Galilei, quoted in: Mike Wilson, "The folly of the Cross," Focus Magazine)
(8) John Kepler, quoted in: JH Tiner, Johannes Kepler-Giant of Faith and Science (Milford, Michigan: Mott Media, 1977), p. 197
(9) Sir Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, "by Andrew Motte Translated by Florian Cajore, Great Books of the Western World 34, Robert Maynard Hutchins, Editor in Chief Revised, William Benton, Chicago, 1952:273-74
(10), Blaise Pascal, Pensees, No. 233
(11) Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, Henry Lincoln, The Messianic Legacy, Gorgi Books, London: 1991, p.177-178
(12) San Francisco Chronicle, 19 February 2001
(13) Michael J. Behe, Darwin's Black Box, New York: Free Press, 1996, p.231-232
(14) Hugh Ross, the Creator and the Cosmos, p. 123
About the Author
ABOUT THE AUTHOR, HARUN YAHYA
Born in Ankara in 1956, Adnan Oktar writes his books under the pen name of Harun Yahya. Ever since his university years, he has dedicated his life to telling of the existence and oneness of Almighty Allah, and to disseminating the moral values of the Qur’an. He has never wavered in the face of difficulties and despite oppression, still continues this intellectual struggle today exhibiting great patience and determination. For mor information pls visit: http://www.harunyahya.com/theauthor.php
Kate White – Lesson 1: Go Big or Go Home
|
|
1971 Press Photo Helen Gurley Brown Editor In Chief Cosmopolitan Magazine $20.88 |
|
|
Harper’s Bazaar: Greatest Hits $38.00 Harper’s Bazaar is America’s longest-running fashion magazine, revered for its style-setting contributions to fashion, photography, and graphic design. Under the direction of Glenda Bailey in this decade, the magazine has maintained its position as a prominent cultural icon. Bailey is known for commissioning dazzling visual features that frame fashion in the context of contemporary pop culture… |
|
|
Cosmopolitan, June, 2010 (Cover) Pink is Cosmopolitan’s June cover girl $4.57 Pink is Cosmopolitan’s June cover girl! On the pages of the latest edition of the Style Mag, the punk pop princess opens up about being deemed too edgy to be a style icon – which is why it’s so rare to see her gracing the cover of a magazine. “Magazines have told me in the past, ‘We don’t want you on the cover. You’re not pretty enough. And that’s OK. I’m unique… and I dig it.” |
|
|
Cosmopolitan Magazine November 2011 Nicki Minaj 47 Weird, Amazing Facts About Love $4.53 Cosmopolitan Magazine… |
|
|
Cosmopolitan $10.36 New in paper! Cosmopolitan: A Bartender’s Life is a memoir of the bartending life structured as a day in the life at Passerby, the bar owned and run by Toby Cecchini. It is, as well, a rich study of human nature—of the sometimes annoying, sometimes outlandish behavior of the human animal under the influence of alcohol, lust, and the sheer desire to bust loose and party. It’s not a pretty picture, but it’s always compelling through the gimlet-eyed gaze of the author. As his typical day progresses, from the almost pastoral quiet of opening the bar and setting up to the gathering rush of customers dropping in after work to the sheer madness of catering to a crazed crush of funseekers, Toby Cecchini muses over a life spent in the service industry and the fascinating particulars of his chosen profession. Topics touched on include dealing with regulars, both welcome and not; sex and the bartender; cocktail connoisseurs (and drinks he refuses to make); learning the bartending ropes of the Odeon when young and newly arrived in New York; the sheer man-killing pace of keeping those drinks coming at flood tide; and the manifold varieties of weirdness and bad behavior that every bartender has to learn how to manage. Cosmopolitan: A Bartender’s Life is the hip, behind-the-scenes look at the frenzied yet undeniably fun atmosphere of that great establishment—the bar—and Toby Cecchini is, by turns, witty, acute, mordant, and lyrical in dealing with the realities of his job, shedding plenty of light on the hidden corners of what people do when they go out at night. Toby Cecchini is part owner of the bar/gallery Passerby, located in New York’s far west Chelsea neighborhood. He began his bartending career in the mid-eighties at New York’s fabled bar and restaurant Odeon, where he began the Cosmopolitan cocktail revival. Cosmopolitan began as a series of acclaimed diaries in Slate. Cecchini has also written for The New York Times Magazine and the Times’s Style section. He lives in New York City. |