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CANCER: A Historical Perspective by Lawrence Broxmeyer MD

 

Hodgkin's cancer attack

If Virginia Livingston was a student at Bellevue Medical College Pathology mentioned their teachers thought rather disparagingly, that a woman was a pathologist at Cornell Hodgkin's disease (A form of glandular cancer) was caused by avian tuberculosis [1]. This lady had been published, but no one had confirmed findings. Then Livingston Compared the two films. In Hodgkin, the great giant cells were called Reed-Sternberg cells. They were similar to the giant cells of tuberculosis, which engulf the tubercle bacilli formed. Livingston stored away in her memory that this lady was probably correct pathologist, but they would have a difficult time in acceptance.

Until the year 1931 Elsie L'Esperance pathologist seeing 'acid-resistant "TB bacteria as her enigmatic Hodgkin's cancer tissue samples. And that seed, once injected into guinea pigs, let them fall with Hodgkin's and Koch's postulates fulfilled. L'Esperance brought her stained sections for former teacher and prominent Cornell cancer pathologist James Ewing. Ewing first confirmed that her tissue slides were indeed Hodgkin. But when he found out that her slip came through guinea pig inoculation of avian influenza (poultry) tuberculosis they in people with Hodgkin's, Ewing, had found visibly annoyed, said that the films could then be no cancer.

He betrayed his checkered history highly placed medical politicians. In 1907 you could have approached Dr. James Ewing on a cancer germ, and he would have made you about our own. To this time, for both he and the rest of the international medical authorities, it was not the question of whether cancer was caused by a germ, but some. It was not Ewing, at a time, which had announced that the tuberculosis Hodgkin's cancer as a shadow, "followed?

But shortly after, James Ewing, "the father oncology, "sent a sword through the heart of an infectious cause of cancer with" neoplastic disease "[2], an ambitious zealot for radiation therapy to the line of what one day be called Sloan-Kettering right on his head. His entry was a prominent philanthropist James Douglas. A vote for Ewing, Douglas knew was a vote for the other radiation and James Douglas began significant operations in Colorado uranium mines through his company, Phelps Dodge, Inc. [34].

Sloan soon became known as a Radium Hospital and went from one institution with a census of less than 15% of cancer patients divided by wall to their disease spread to other areas to a true Cancer Center. But the very history of radiation led to his mistakes, and by the early 1900s, almost 100 cases of Radium recipients have been documented in leukemia and not long after it was found that about 100 radiologists had determined, in cancer in the same way [3].

Nevertheless insisted Ewing, now an honorary member of the American Society of radium.

Elise L'Esperance was far from alone in linking a seed Hodgkin Avium called tuberculosis or poultry. Historically Sternberg himself, the discoverer of trademark law-Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cell believed Hodgkin was caused by tuberculosis. Both Fraenkel and Much instead of [35], such as L'Esperance that by a peculiar form of tuberculosis, as avium or Fowl tuberculosis was caused, and from all types of cancer, debate on the infectious cause of Hodgkin's the hottest waxed.

In this arena, L'Esperance came in 1931 to hear a few. They would Publication of studies in Hodgkin's disease [4] in an issue of the Annals of Surgery. It proved to be the one legacy that no one, not even Ewing, soon die from a self-diagnosed cancer would, could be taken away.

Dr. Virginia Livingston

"Our (Cancer) cultures and were questioned over and over again. The strains were identified in many laboratoriesfor. No one could really classify. They were something unknown. They had many forms, but it grew again be the same, no matter how they were cultivated. They resembled the mycobacteria more than anything else. The tubercle bacillus is a Mycobacterium or fungous bacillus. 'Virginia Livingston, 1972

Virginia Würthele-Caspe Livingston was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania and went on proper credentials to obtain. Graduated from Vassar, she received her medical degree at NYU, the first ever female medical resident in New York City, Newark in time Livingston was school doctor where one day a staff nurse asked medical care.

Already diagnosed with Reynaud's syndrome, the tips of the fingers of these nurses were ulcerated and bled at times. Livingston diagnosed with scleroderma. But on closer examination, there was a hole in the nasal septum, something that Livingston had earlier in the mycobacterial Viewed diseases tuberculosis and leprosy.

Moves closer Livingston Eva Brodkin dermatologist and a pathologist to confirm, convinced the whole time that mycobacterial infection cause was scleroderma. Then a sterile nasal swab cultures from pre-formed – mycobacteria appeared everywhere [1]. Injected experimental chicks and guinea pigs, all but a few died. At autopsy, the guinea pigs had developed, in fact, the hardened skin patches of scleroderma. . . some of them cancer.

Momentum builds

Livingston, had now asked sterile fresh specimens of cancer of any surgery, she would give her. All cancer tissues showed the same acid-fast mycobacteria. New Jersey pathologist Roy Allen confirmed their findings. Livingston and Allen then found they could actually distinguish malignant and benign Tissue due to mycobacterial content [5]. But the explanation for why the cancer germ was as many different forms was difficult.

Try as they could be a part of the Virginia Livingston's problems were entrenched in an American validation of multi-shaped cancer germ firmly in the history of medicine, particularly in the constantly changing field of microbiology. Louis Pasteur was able to handle too quickly from a Paris Academy of Sciences panel crashed escape harsh reaction to his Proposal that children cooked the milk first, but he could not tolerate his rival Pierre Bechamp statement that could have a lot of individual bacteria, take many forms. On his deathbed Pasteur had said his opinion has changed, he said: "The terrain is everything", which means the culture or environment, the bacteria grew or could change its form or characteristics. But it was too late and still the most conventional microbiologists deny the existence of such a modified form (or pleomorphic) bacteria.

Robert Koch, father of bacteriology and discoverer of the tuberculosis could help. When he first with the anthrax bacteria, he noted that Anthrax classic rod shape was thread-like in the blood in laboratory mice. And then, after multiplying, they changed again adopted the same forms spores, as he later in tuberculosis is also documented.

Aware of what they face, yet undaunted Livingston went methodically prove true cause cancer. First in its thrust had long suspected and well-known tumor-active substances of Rous, Shope Bittner. By Livingston and her group pictures showed acid-fast mycobacteria forms in each of these so-called "Viral" cancers. These included the famous chicken Rous sarcoma.

Early on, had decided Virginia Livingston that she needed in the validation her cancer germ and no one knew the shapes and coloring capacity of mycobacteria associated with germs better than Dr. Eleanor Alexander-Jackson of Cornell help. As early as 1928 had Eleanor Alexander-Jackson, bacteriologist discovered unusual and at this time unknown forms of the TB bacillus, including its filterable forms. Up 1951, Alexander-Jackson microbiologist was Cornell as the expert on TB.

In the same year, a proposed another American, HC Sweany, both granular and other forms of tuberculosis, which causes pass through a filter Hodgkin's cancer [6]. This was later by the investigations of Mellon, leg Hauser and Fisher [7,8] supported. Mellon prophetically warned that tuberculosis could both its characteristic red acid-fast forms, and to distinguish blue nonacid fast forms of common germs such as staphylococcus, fungi and corynebacteria take over and this certainly confuse modern microbiologists.

With organized medicine to these studies Warned ignore Jackson that a so-called treatment of TB could be a short-lived as it was classic TB rods, for the time underground than nonacid fast form gone to show up one day and the spring back in the direction of destruction again. Although American medicine had no time for serious Alexander-Jackson, or their Discoveries, it would not interfere as long as it focuses on tuberculosis and its cousin, leprosy. But if you moved in the direction of Livingston's cancer germ focus would be move it to destroy it. She has just come to a great threat.

Recognition

Until December 1950 Livingston, who went on writing, over 17 peer reviewed articles by the end of her career wrote, along with Jackson and four other prominent researchers, was still infectious as a milestone in the Nature of cancer [9].

Show on the AMA's 1953 in New York, was particularly interested participants on a display of Livingston's cancer germ riveted to live. The press, of Sloan Kettering head, muzzle Cornelius Rhodes was not allowed to interview or report on this issue. Above the cancer germs seemed indestructible, survived a five-day experience of intolerable heat of Closed-Circuit microscopy [1].

As Livingston and Jackson's work was for the cancer germ more and more convinced, and dipped her opponent became more and more vocal.

Even with the recognition of the visitors came. A pathologist from Scranton, Dr. George Clark said, Livingston, he had developed, Dr. Thomas Glover's famous cancer germ of human cancer and metastatic tumors in animals bred from them.

Clark assured Livingston that Glover was the same bacterial pathogens that she was. For over 200 years, the same organism was discovered and rediscovered, named and renamed, each Discoverer addition to what is known about the cancer germ, but so far without success.

U.S. studies take

Clark knew Glover as part an investigative team from the U.S. Public Heath Service by George W. McCoy passed in 1929. Glover was just too well known to be ignored. His cancer serum worked.

Much was at stake. The country was already the idea that cancer was not possible, an infectious disease to be committed, and Glover said he had already isolated the germ of cancer.

Actually, he did not have, but few would believe that it really was his young assistant Thomas Deak chewing tobacco, which had been isolated. Deak worked the New York Health and hospital system from the lowest positions of laboratory assistant. With no formal medical or scientific training, this lab yet learned laboratory protocol [10]. Incredibly Deak developed to grow a geranium base culture medium, CEO out acid-resistant, tuberculosis bacteria. Then he inoculated mice and dogs, produced with metastatic cancer Spreadin each case [10]. Sometime 1917-1918 Daek Thomas, lab technician, a specific anti-cancer sera produced by injecting horses with the human cancer germ. In addition, the sera worked, whether in prevention or cure of its cancer-like laboratory animals. But Glover was up to the point where he needed someone who will lend credibility to his work and that someone came in the form of Dr. Thomas J. Glover of Toronto.

There will always be counted on high-Glover, that he saw his importance and application of Deak work from day one. A contract was drawn up and running quickly. Glover rushed back to a Canadian cancer clinic open in Toronto. The serum worked in many but not all cases, but since Glover's reputation grew, so has interest in him of organized medicine in Canada. Gives him a summons go 21 days to file a complete account of his treatment. But Glover was not together. Glover was in trouble and will soon be expelled from Canada [10].

To 1926, and now in the USA, Glover released Progress in Cancer Research, and presented over 50 cases, mostly in remission with Glover's serum [11] went. It triggered additional awareness, both here and abroad. In 1929, Dr. Livingston friend George Clark, Dr. George McCoy, the then head of the Hygiene Lab of the U.S. Public Health Service. Their destination: Glover's lab, now New York Murdock Foundation. Glover has been studied and McCoy wanted his work, this time under Health Service Monitoring and repeat in Washington. Glover will be met, and he and his team went to the capital nations, in their case, which was the one day even the National Institute To prove of Health.

McCoy, the investigators, impressed by Glover's work rather than down to Glover, instead spent 1937 letter to Surgeon General Parran, in the glowing words of the great importance and significance of the results said Glover's cancer.

Soon after McCoy was suddenly and mysteriously replaced by Dr. RH Thompson. Parran, a product of organized medicine, had a certain agenda. The question was whether to publish it now over Washington's Glover Report or not, and despite continued Parran Committee approval was not, sending Glover in a cold rage that ended with him walking away from Washington to publish independently.Meanwhile, Glover's serum, which had helped and saved many, it was so superficial animal studies and a review without clinical trials, before they undergo condemned by government agencies.

Glover would eventually return to Canada, but he would answer no more questions to exactly what had happened in America.

Focus on breast cancer

Virginia Livingston was now specifically to breast cancer. Thirty sterile cancerous breasts were transported to the laboratory of OP. Cancers were of each breast and armpit, when isolated tissue was supplied under the arm, the cancer was to cut part of it. Livingston and Jackson found the cancer germs everywhere, and in the case of the axillary glands, even if the pathology report was negative, turned up the cancer micro-organism [1].

Champion of toxic chemotherapy replaced Cornelius Rhoads Ewing at Sloan. Rhoads, head of chemical warfare during the Korean War, was low on the chemotherapy and the huge subsidies from the pharmaceutical industry brought obliged.

It is badly detected that chemotherapy or chemo " used against cancer began as a weapon of mass destruction par excellence [12]. If the axis folded, nitrogen mustard, released for the first time under real medical control for cancer. Lymphosarcoma first evaluated in mice, human trials soon followed, as were more varieties of nitrogen mustard hatched and tried [12].

Other related classes of chemotherapeutic agents to follow and so does its impact. Most had the potential to lead, a second completely different cancer [13]. Also tamoxifen for breast cancer was a two fifty-eight-fold increased risk of cancer by the uterine lining (endometrium), some with severe a poor prognosis were [14].

Nevertheless, Cornelius Rhoads was hired for the treatment and at the same time a number of major obstacles for Livingston prepared . Stop

In 1950, he barred them from presenting their work on cancer germ at the New York Academy of Sciences by discrediting Irene Diller, the sponsor symposia, Editor of the respected journal growth, and a prominent cancer researchers. Diller, as many had accepted a gift from a pharmaceutical house in one place. Livingston Diller came in a Life Magazine article, the researchers spoke of a cancer, the Philadelphia observed strange fungal filaments protruding from cancer cells. Livingston and Alexander-Jackson convinced that their fungus forms (the prefix – Mycobacteria Mycobacteria identified in a germ cell-fungal properties) were part of the Cancer microbe, and that was crucial for the identification of acid-fast staining.

Dr. Eleanor Alexander-Jackson's elation about the groups infectious breast cancer findings came to an abrupt halt when she by her personal physician Frank Adair, that they had been informed. A radical mastectomy was at Sloan done on Adair's advice.

While eagerly awaiting the results, Dr. Virginia Livingston heard her name paged to Sloan's overhead. Rhoads wanted to talk to her about Jackson's current surgery. It was urgent. Alexander-Jackson was still in the operating room and the radical mastectomy was performed. Rhoads were in office the two opponents off. incredible, Rhoads was going deep after approval by a cancerous lymph nodes in the middle of the chest Eleanor. Livingston resisted.

"We have a tumor, as it has sought. "Rhoads.Apparently said was not radical enough. He sought the permit, a new surgical technique for the deep breast lumps went to try. Livingston had enough. Just the thought of the cruel, disfiguring procedure made them sick.

"Never in my life." She shot back as she [1] to the left.

 

The single most convincing study of the bacteria causes cancer

By 1965, Edith Mankiewicz, director of the laboratory in Montreal's Royal Edward Chest Hospital and assistant professor of bacteriology at McGill, the investigation of human Established cancer tissue, mycobacteria-like bacteria in cancer [15]. In the bibliography of one of their landmark paper is a personal communication with Dr. Eleanor Alexander-Jackson. One of the cancers in Mankiewicz's trained eye was lung cancer. Lung cancer or lung cancer, was first reported in the nineteenth century at a time it was virtually unknown during mycobacterial disease of the lungs, primarily tuberculosis, was so rampant as to the name "white plague" or in certain circles, "captain of the men of death." By the middle of the seventeenth century, one in five deaths from tuberculosis and at the end of the nineteenth Century, there was fear that it will destroy the very civilization of Europe. As difficult as it was tuberculosis of the newly discovered lung cancer, that only for cases first mistakenly diagnosed as lung cancer, differentiate, were that the benefits of surgical resection of tuberculosis were detected [16] operated.

Mankiewicz showed not only the cancer germ in malignant tissue, but clearly demonstrates how it is likely to develop tuberculosis and related organisms as some of the viral phages, which in jumped them lived nuclei, which genetic material changed the target bacteria virulence and made them more resistant. In fact, under their microscope put a picture of how the cancer germ resulting from TB bacilli still malignancy mammalian tissue to create [15].

By 1970, Sakai Inoue, Ph.D. Maebashi, Japan and Marcus Singer, a doctor in developmental biology at Case Western's closed the single most convincing study of the bacteria cause cancer at all, with TB-like mycobacteria. Supported by grants from the American Cancer Society and the National Institutes of Health, their study used cold-blooded animals, namely the newt or salamander and thefrog. But similar studies showed its applicability to the mice [17] and human [18,19]. Inoue:

"An organism similar to that described here Mycobacterium was isolated from tumors and blood tumerous mammals, including man, cultured, and when injected into guinea pigs miceand reported that a chronic granulomatous yield growth (cancer), or some Fagaceae. Inoue and Singer, 1970

Back in the spring of 1953, Sakai Inoue saw an adult Salamander with a hard mass on her stomach. He removed the mass that can be malignant. Then he splashed out of the tissue mass in healthy animals. Again developed cancer.

In the work that followed, Inoue and singers, from electron micrographs knew that bacteria were involved, bacteria, stained acid-fast mycobacteria … … .. [20]. Inoue inoculated three other types of mycobacteria in healthy animals. All came to cancer, something that did not happen when other germs such as staphylococcus or streptococcus used were. Amazingly Inoue and Singer also noted regressions in some of the cancers, especially when very dilute solutions of the germs were used to them to initiate. Moreover, since cancers arising from "carcinogens" were structurally identical with mycobacteria cancers, the investigators suggested that such results "Carcinogens" could only factors that are already existing infection activated. Phages are viruses, mycobacteria are known to be activated by carcinogens in such as UV light and chemicals [21].

Mankiewicz, five years earlier had shown that these phages, once activated, before malignant changes in mammalian tissue [15] lead.

Sakai Inoue and Marcus Singer should study a convinced once and for all of them, Virginia Livingston opponents of the correctness of your results and that they are not too often ignore impurities such as Staph. or Strept. for the cancer germ. . . But it did not.

 

The politics of cancer

It was made public, that contracts beginning in 1951, the Black-Stevenson Cancer Foundation grants two huge black of $ 750,000 from cancer research is that the first and Livingston's would go in Newark's Presbyterian group, with an equivalent amount to the Memorial conducted for cancer (now Sloan-Kettering), the Rhoads go. The Trustees have already decided this, the actual allocation was in the hands of Newark lawyer Charles R. Hardin left, but the fate intervened.

Livingston:

"Hardin, the lawyer in the amount of allocation would soon die of cancer at Memorial are still alive and was ruled on by design of Rhoads Rhoads might give a paper on how Presbyterians grant has been signed will be issued. And that was not to further research include forcancer an infectious cause. "Livingston, 1972

Rhoads was still not finished. Livingston, already recognized worldwide, took her cancer microbe and a guest named George Clark to Rome Sixth International Congress for Microbiology, paid a visit from her husband's firm as a consultant for the British Industry. In Rome, Livingston Emy Klieneberger Nobel met at the Lister Institute. Klieneberger Nobel was a pioneer detect bacteria without cell wall, which led them to assume many forms [32]. She called "L-forms" out of respect for the institution in which she worked. Their investigation also covered with bacterial cell wall-pants. In any case, the resulting Germs, adopted called "cell wall-deficient" many forms (pleomorphic). Livingston saw immediately Klieneberger work as a clearing much of the confusion about their many educated cancer germ.

Livingston's trip to Rome Congress of Microbiology visit was interrupted by an attack on von Brehmer in Frankfurt. Of Brehmer's vaccination techniques, long respected in Europe, have now been licensed by the German government.

During the war, Wilhelm von Brehmer's Scrimmage with the Nazi medical establishment went straight to the top. Strongly support the claim that cancer was criticized a contagious disease, the fight was finally its way to Hitler himself, who, confused, yet interested ordered an investigation on this subject at the 1936 Nuremberg Rally. Subsequently, the Committee, formed hard on von Brehmer views. Still undeterred, he was somehow in the legendary status he now maintained.

Big names started to attend the conference, including Nobel Prize winners Fleming and Waksman. returned to the time, Virginia Livingston in the States, the Rome conference by several news services had been highlighted. Starting with the New York Times and the Washington Post, other newspapers quickly followed suite: the cancer germ had been found. The reaction came quickly. On the New York Academy of Medicine, held spokesman Jago Gladston, fresh from Executive Sessions, his own kind of press conference:

"This is an old story, and it has not stood up under examination. Microorganisms found in malignant tumors was found to be secondary invaders and not the primary cause of malignancy. "- Livingston, 1972.

Livingston back to Newark. Your Chief, James Allison contacted her with the bad news. Since they had lost black-Stevenson financing, he wanted to close Presbyterian's research and back again move to the Rutgers campus at home in distant New Brunswick. And in yet another cost-cutting gesture, she was informed that it would close friend and collaborator, Eleanor Alexander-Jackson have to go. Livingston has shocked all arrangements to leave Rutgers. Out of the box from Europe, rushed Livingston man would now be from the IRS with respect to where it means have for the trip to Europe. Someone had implicitly granted the money came from his wife. This was not the couple and demanded to know who had initiated the investigation.

"Someone high up in New York in cancer therapy." The IRS agent said [1].

Parallels with herbal cancer

By 1925 Charles Mayo Mayo Erwin Smith's discovery of cancer in plants, called crown gall interested. Livingston and Jackson, sensing a possible link between Smith's work and their own, went to the Bronx Botanical Gardens on cultures of Bacterium tumefaciens request, the plant cancer germ had discovered it. No coincidence led Virginia Livingston in Smith's work. Smith his stained cancer germ system with fuchsin, are long used to tuberculosis on site. Smith and bacteria, such as Livingston's, had many forms. He had stumbled over B. tumefaciens in 1904 when he received some New Jersey daisies with growths superficially resemble olive oil tuberculosis, a disease of plants known, but it proved the plant cancer.

Smith had long been a suspected bacterial cause of human cancer and criticized pathologist Drawing:

"In sharp contrast between malignant tumors, on the one hand, where the cells of the animal or human host, act under an unknown Stimulus for the growth and tumerous granulomas (benign tumors) on the other hand, such as tuberculosis and actinomycosis, where a visible germ isresponsible for the primary tumor and direct migration of this microbe to all secondary tumors that may occur. "Rogers-1952

Smith's conclusion:

"At the bottom, I think the difference between such a disease, such as tuberculosis, leprosy and malignant tumors is not as sharp as some histopathologists have been led to believe. "Rogers, 1952

One could say that at a time when the entire medical and scientific community was on fire by Erwin Frink Smith's discovery of the bacteria, the plant will be set to cause cancer. Two honorable mentions in The Association of American Medical Journal, "your Editorial, "Is cancer contagious mentioned how Smith's work made" a very strong case for his view of the infectious cause of cancer in general. " (JAMA, 1912)

By 1921, joined Margaret Lewis, Livingston Networks, Frink Smith regarding their planned vaccination chicken with B. tumefaciens. Lewis would go, elicit the cancer-sarcoma of chicken embryos with B. tumefaciens.

On 31 January 1925, an English summary of the relevant German Kinische weekly, Ferdinand Blumenthal wrote, Smith caught the attention. Blumenthal, assistant to Meyer and Auler had shown that human cancer bore a micro-organism is very similar tumefaciens which in turn malignant tumors in plants and animals, caused to be completely with spreading or metastasis.

Paula Meyer had with Friedlander to the human cancer germ has worked since 1923. Your special discovery was the bacteria within breast cancer, she called the PM for Paula Meyers. She had also discovered closely related strains from 15 other human cancers. Smith examined stained sections of Meyer's nucleus from human breast cancer. It looked similar to B. tumefaciens. Meyer's seeds were short rods, single or paired, and stained with the same fuchsin that he had used [22].

Moreover, when Blumenthal and Meyer their human Cancer germ PM in plants inoculated tumors looked just as crown gall. The PM could produce plant had cancer now for Erwin Frink Smith of the shadow of a doubt. But it might not be as tumefaciens itself, because no strains that he tested grew at body temperature in warm-blooded animals. His conclusion: that human cancer is likely to another microbe, possibly a mycobacteria was that had similar chemical activities B. tumefaciens.

Seibert rules contaminants in the Cancer germs

The only time that Dr. Florence Siebert, long part of the medical establishment, ran into resistance and oppression was as if a closer have decided to look at Livingston's cancer germ. One of America's Finest Ph.D. – Biochemist, while still at Yale it the secret to the many fever from distilled Water dissolved for injection and thought to be caused by fever-producing "pyrogens" to prove quickly that they were in fact bacterial contaminants. After solved the mystery of the pyrogens, was asked by Dr. Siebert Esmond Long to keep developing at the University of Chicago to the tuberculin skin test to test. Long proposed a European Trip to learn techniques practiced on the continent [23]. On thePasteur Institute of Paris, Seibert exchanged ideas with Boquet, and Calmet Guerin: the three researchers to the world their only approved vaccine against tuberculosis, called BCG presented [23]. Seibert returned to the U.S. and as a long left Chicago to head laboratory operations at the Henry Phipps Institute in Philadelphia, accompanied him.

attempted by 1903 Henry Phipps, partner of wealthy Andrew Carnegie, a charitable outlet for his wealth. He joined Lawrence F. Flick, a doctor with a vision to become a center exclusively on the investigation, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis dedicated open.

Still executing grants from the National Tuberculosis Association, Seibert was asked by Phipps, to continue their work for a skin test with Koch's original tuberculin (OT). Seibert refined and the protein In its purified TB skin test. She called PPD-S, both because it is a purified protein derivative and should be standard (S) for the U.S. government, which they ultimately serve. Then, after 30 years of tuberculosis research, Seibert turned to cancer. In 1948, Margaret Lewis said of Philadelphia's Wistar Institute Seibert, a nucleic acid analysis to do Wistar rat tumor extracts Seibert agreed.

Next, Irene Diller, who closely linked with Livingston, Seibert asked about her cancer microbe to the slides . Search Seibert told what they saw:

"I saw tiny, round, coccoid organisms, many of which are in magenta color. The slides were stained with Ziehl-Neelsen Reagent, which will be periodically used to stain our red tubercle bacilli. If I've learned that it isolates them from a rat tumor and was able to regularly do tumors in general, and from the blood of leukemia patients, I asked, "Could you please refer to the rat sarcoma study Tumori, me?" Seibert, 1968

Diller agreed to try. Lewis Seibert allowed to communicate to the tissue sections. The results came back. The same cancer germ was released. Seibert immediately saw the Consequences:

"It looked terribly important to me, and I was willing to do from then on what I could to help promising field. We have help by studying the immunological relationship with our tubercle bacilli, and the "atypical" bacteria in close connection with our tubercle bacilli. "- Seibert, 1968

Seibert was even more impressed with how Diller, in the footsteps of Livingston and Jackson, proved by Koch's postulates, that the germ of the cancer germ was:

"It's on it (Diller's) based work I willing to say, I think she has foundthe cause of cancer, which I think no one can refute, and this work is to be welcomed and supported by other researchers have cancer and will not be ignored in view of the currently much excitement about viruses. -Seibert, 1968

Florence Seibert was Livingston's crusade in earnest in the 1960s turned her cancer body of Frank Dunbar, head of the Laboratory on the southwest-tuberculosis hospital in Tampa. Dunbar Conclusion: their multi-formed germ does not belong to groups known to be atypical mycobacteria, although they had some of the characteristics of the mycobacteria [23].

Experimental Medicine for the masses

Finally, Virginia Livingston won university affiliations in San Diego works at the University of San Diego with Dr. Gerhard Wolter near San Diego State. In 1970, Wolter and Livingston discovered actinomycin-like compounds produced by the cancer germ produced, one of which, actinomycin D or dactinomycin, depite its toxicity was cancer. Livingston was horrified that their own discovery was used to this way. She warned that not only actinomycins the maturation of cells arrest and suppress the immune response, but that it also inhibited enzymes and decreased hormone levels, stimulation of the body to their hormone production [1].  

She was, why would anyone have a devastating substance use as confused as actinomycin D for the subsequent treatment of cancer. Still, it was done. Even more disturbing was the way in organized medicine, the hormonal disorder caused in the body reacts from cancer germ.

Until 1966, Charles Huggins of the University of Chicago went to Stockholm and was awarded the Nobel Prize for determining the effect of sex hormones had spread to cancer. Then came the practice of castration of cancer patients in fashion. Consequently, someone came to the conclusion that if castration helped at first, would be better to repeat by cutting out the adrenal glands, are treated housed on top of each kidney.

And since they never produced world-shaking results, a new procedure was developed to cut through the nose and remove the pituitary master gland of the body, found near the brain. Virginia Livingston was found that abnormal hormonal Stimulation was prepared from the toxic substances and hormonal derange their bud. In response, America hewed from the glands of cancer patients.

White Knight

In The Cancer Microbe, Dr. Alan Cantwell Jr. acknowledged the invaluable help of four women, the cancer early pioneer of Microbiology: Virginia Livingston, MD, Eleanor Alexander-Jackson, PhD, Florence Siebert, PhD and Dr. Irene Diller [24]. Cantwell grew up reading that all the germs responsible for major diseases should have already been discovered. But much to his horror, when a physician-researcher, he drove in a left out: Livingston's cancer germ. And although he knew that the diverse Germ had long considered a mere contaminant or secondary invader, or even nonexistent, Cantwell, as Seibert, knew better. Cantwell first contact Virginia Livingston by the suggestion of a colleague who heard on the radio and immediately had felt their common base, which was until then the acid-fast bacteria in scleroderma and Cancer found. Despite its meticulous research, Cantwell knew that Livingstone had already been branded by traditional medicine as a charlatan, so that he may be the great discovery 20th Century largely discredited him [24].

Until 1971, Cantwell had published on scleroderma in the prestigious Archives of Dermatology and had no further intention of pursuing Livingston's germ. Livingston, Jackson, Diller and Seibert had each drawn considerable fire from the medical establishment, and despite continuing wanted to Livingston's overtures to him, there is no way he was in. Until 1974, Lida Mattman's cell wall [25] reported in Cantwell and others that many Bacteria, especially of tuberculosis and the mycobacteria was of course in many forms – a cycle of growth that are involved "cell wall-deficient forms" of viral Look-a-likes to bacterial forms into granules and then into larger globoid forms. But most doctors and scientists in the laboratory were taught little about cell wall deficient bacteria.

Cantwell minute's silence threshold was always when he looked again the cancer germ in the skin of the chest wall of a young woman who lost both her breasts had exceeded metastatic cancer. The removal of this patient's skin lumps, Cantwell and colleague Dan Kelso at first cultured Staph. epidermiditis, a common contaminant. But as their cultures in the age, the apparent Staph cocci was great globoids, rods and yeast-like forms – with acid-resistant TB granules as elsewhere [25].

Trace the footprints of the original women's cancer removed a year ago, Cantwell isolated not only variable acid-fast bacteria in the cancer tumor itself, but in the environmental samples from taken of the woman and thought to pathologists, be normal. Those found in the fact that the germ existed in the victims tissue, before it became cancerous.

In a series of peer-reviewed, penetrating the cancer microbe Cantwell items found in three other types of cancer called Hodgkin's disease and Kaposi's cancer of the skin and a rare skin cancer mycosis fungoides.

It became apparent, Dr. Alan Cantwell after twenty years of microbe hunting, that the old doctrines of microbiology were not much when it happened, shows an infectious Cause of cancer. In humans and in nature, bacteria constantly changing and evolving forms in their life. The cancer microbe unstable by nature, is no exception [25]. But 25 years after the removal of metastatic breast cancer nodules on the skin of a young mother and finding her acid-fast variable, was no cure for a Bud when tuberculosis-like, seemed indestructible. And a seed without a cure, as shown by the mixed reactions to Koch's discovery of the tuberculosis, even decades later promoted his own anger and disbelief, resentment and disbelief, the Virginia Livingston never stopped before.

BCG

"It seems to me that it is perfectly rational to explain that the reason is the BCG vaccine not only against tuberculosis, leprosy, but also cancer, is due to the fact that the cancer germ BCG is closely related to the Actinomycetales, it has been in the same family, truck cranes-Livingston, 1972

If Florence Seibert met Boquet, Calmet Guerin in Paris and discuss their BCG, made the only approved vaccine against tuberculosis in the world, made from cow or bovine tuberculosis, had none of them have any idea that it would one day be used against cancer. But in fact at the time of this diluted vaccine of Mycobacterium bovis or cow tuberculosis is the most effective Treatment for urinary bladder cancer, a cancer of the bladder. In addition, BCG is the most successful treatment of this kind, known as "immunotherapy" [26]. By "immunotherapy" It soon became fashionable to believe that BCG tuberculosis or cow somehow "stronger" of the immune system, but noted immunologist Steven Rosenberg held that the immune system was highly specific. An immune stimulant such as BCG should not stimulate a response from another immune stimulant, cancer [27].

The exact mechanism of how a 1993 University of Illinois study was to see that first of all to eat cancer cells (or phagocytosis) and kill mycobacteria bovis BCG seemed. But then, suddenly, died of cancer cells. Although the investigators were in the study, the relationship was not clear, a strong "tumoricidal agent," which highlighted the mycobacteria [28]. Livingston was that the investigators were probably looking unknowingly was a common phenomena in nature as a "lysogeny" known. Lysogeny is what happens when a colony by a similar bacteria kills it with another hurling viral phage weapons against them, without even cause damage.

In the late 1970s Virginia Livingston could not longer ignore Chisato Maruyama from Japan and sent John Majnarich BioMed Laboratories from Seattle to Japan to get a closer look. In 1935 began Maruyama, Nippon Medical School, a vaccine against tuberculosis, which develop into as good against cancer. The Maruyama vaccine BCG was similar, but instead as a cow with tuberculosis Basis, the Japanese version used human tuberculosis.

Chisato Maruyama had long pointed out that patients with either Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Leprosy rarely had cancer [33]. In the 1970s, Maruyama vaccine proved to be quite successful, that he half of the 8,000 cancer patients, he said had benefited from treatment [29].

Livingston's Legacy

By the early 1970s, Virginia Livingston, severely beaten by the medical institution, was ready to counterattack in the form of a fascinating study that her cancer microbe humanchoriogonadotropic hormone (HCG) secreted showed Start – a growth hormone long associated with cancer. First, despite laboratory evidence to the contrary, was her assertion that a bacterium could not produce a human hormone believed. But then reported from the traditional Bastions such as Allegheny General, Princeton and Rockefeller University confirms their findings.

Livingston believes that this growth hormone, made by her cancer germ secreted to stimulate uncontrollable tumor growth, turning normal cells into malignant, when either the body's immune system was weak or essential nutrients were inadequate. Dr. Hernan Acevedo of Allegheny, in fact, shown that the hormone had any cancer cells [30].

Livingston's discovery, a medical milestone, gave further Pulses to a microbial theory of cancer with well over a century of research behind them. But despite this, was the premise behind a persistent infectious cause rejected by conventional medicine.

Virginia Livingston was past 80 when she died on 30 June 1990. Only a few months before a summons was issued for her ban on their vaccinations, from the patient's own cancer germ (autogenous), with whom she had great success. as a "method" unproven cancer in the March April 1990 issue of CA – The Journal of the American stigmatized by this, their vaccine Society [31] with references to their likelihood of several different types of bacteria rarely and together for a unique microbe. This despite scores of research establishing mycobacteria either before or come coexistence with cancer. Ironically, Acevedo, the not their discovery that the cancer germ has been producing human growth hormone instrumental and key was praised stop damaging the company financial statements.

But when questioned by this author about a decade later, Acevedo admitted that he had acid-fast forms, which were in fact ignored in cancer preparations Livingston to him sent. He felt it irrelevant, and mentioned that also the technology was not time to pursue this more acid-resistant forms available.

On how fuzzy logic, it seemed that perhaps the most important scientific result in cancer was buried in this or any other century.

Conclusion

The striking analogy between cancer and tuberculosis was noticed long before the tubercle bacillus discovered. In 1877, Sir John Simon clearly

had pointed out this analogy and in fact argued strongly in favor of a microbial origin of cancer. But in 1910, American medical authority has certain a 180-degree rotation, deciding that cancer is not caused by a microbe and those who thought otherwise was a heretic, a charlatan or a quack.

But Virginia Livingston was nothing like this. Rather, it was a symbol of painstaking research and dedication to the height of the Second World War, American medical technology. The Opponents of the Livingston said she "contaminants" saw a group of common bacteria. But Florence Siebert, an expert on contaminants, the standardized Today tuberculin skin test for the U.S. government saw no pollutants and Dean Burk, then head of the Cell Chemistry at the NCI went so far as to say that Livingston's Cancer germ was as real and certain as anything known about cancer [29]. But in the subsequent suppression of Livingston and her many colleagues at the medical facility a picture is created, and it is not very pleasant.

Virginia Livingston gained international status when she discovers that her cancer germ produced human growth hormone Hormone, long associated with malignant diseases. But first it was not believed. Had she won the same stature in relation to the identification of the cancer germ itself, by today probably not cancer. At this time, although there is no cure for Livingston's cancer germ. Suppression led his own lack of interest in healing and each Year must suffer and die and as a result of a variety.

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© Copyright 2010

About the Author

Lawrence Broxmeyer, MD, is an internist and medical researcher. He was on staff at New York affiliate hospitals of SUNY Downstate, Cornell and New York universities for approximately 14 years, his work including extensive treatment immediately prior to and in the midst of America’s AIDS epidemic. In conjunction with colleagues in San Francisco and at the University of Nebraska, he first pursued, as lead author and originator, a novel technique to kill AIDS mycobacteria with outstanding results (see The Journal ofInfectious Diseases 2002 Oct 15; 186[8]:1155-60). Recently he contributed a chapter regarding these findings in Sleator and Hill’s textbook Patho-biotechnology, published by Landes Bioscience. Dr Broxmeyer’s research covers the most challenging medical problems of our times, including AIDS, Alzheimer’s disease, bird flu, cancer, Creutzfeldt–Jakob and “mad cow” diseases, diabetes, heart disease, Parkinson’s disease, swine flu, tuberculosis and more. He is currently a licensed internist in Pennsylvania and the founder and director of The N. Y. Institute of Medical Research in Bayside, New York, USA.

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