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Chinese Language

Spoken Chinese
Main article: Spoken Chinese
A map below shows the linguistic subdivisions ("languages" or "dialect groups") in China itself, the traditionally recognized seven main groups, the size of the population:
Name
Abbreviation
Pinyin
Local Romanization
Simp.
Trad.
Total
Speakers
Mandarin
Notes includes: Standard Mandarin
Guan;
Gunhu
Pinyin: Gunhu
c. 850 million
Bifnghu
Pinyin: Bifnghu
Wu
Notes includes: Shanghainese
Wu;
Wy
Long-short: Ng nyiu
c. 90 million
Yue
Notes: includes Cantonese & Taishanese
Yue;
Yuy
Jyutping: Jyut6 jyu5;
Yale: Yuht YH
c. 80 million
Min
Notes includes: Taiwan & Teochew
Min;
Mny
POJ: Bn g;
BUC: ng Mng
c. 50 million
Xiang
Xiang;
Xingye
Romanization Shien "
c. 35 million
Hakka
Kejia;
Kjihu
Hakka pinyin: Hak-k-k-fa or Hak-VA
c. 35 million
Khu
Hakka pinyin: Hak-Hak or fa-va
Gan
Gan;
Gny
Romanization Gon
c. 20 million
Controversial classification of some Chinese linguists:
Name
Abbreviation
Pinyin
Local Romanization
Simp.
Trad.
Total
Speakers
Jin
Notes: Mandarin
Jin;
JNY
None
45 million
Huizhou
Notes: From Wu
Hui;
Huzhuhu
None
~ 3.2 million
Pinghua
Notes: from Cantonese
Ping;
Gungx Pnghu
None
~ 5 million
There are also some smaller groups that are not yet classified as example: Danzhou dialect (), spoken in Danzhou, on the island of Hainan, Xianghua (), not to be confused with Xiang (), spoken in the western province of Hunan, and Shaozhou Tuhua (), spoken in northern Guangdong. The Dungan language, spoken in Central Asia, is very closely related to Mandarin. However, it is generally not as 'Chinese,' since in Cyrillic written and spoken by Dungan people outside China who are not ethnic Chinese are considered. See List of Chinese dialects of a comprehensive collection of the individual dialects in these large, broad groups.
In general, the above language dialect groups have no sharp boundaries, though Mandarin is the predominant language Sinitic in the north and south, and the rest are mostly spoken in Central and South Eastern Europe China. Often, as in the case of Guangdong Province, overlapping native the most important variants. As with many other areas, the language for a long time were varied, it is not always clear how the speeches of various parts of China should be classified. The Ethnologue lists a total of 14, but the number varies depending 7:00 to 17:00 followed by the scheme. For example, the Min variety is often in the north-Min have (Minbei, Fuchow) and Southern Min (Minnan, Amoy-Swatow) divided, not linguists determined whether their mutual intelligibility is small enough to them as their own languages . Sort
In general, mountainous South China displays more linguistic diversity than the flat North China. In parts of southern China, a major city dialect may only marginally understandable Close neighbors. For instance, Wuzhou is about 120 miles upstream from Guangzhou, but his accent is more of Standard Cantonese spoken Guangzhou, than that of Taishan, 60 miles southwest of Guangzhou and separated by several rivers from it (Ramsey, 1987).
Standard Mandarin and diglossia
Main article: Standard Mandarin
Putonghua / Guoyu, often called "Mandarin", is the official standard language used by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, and Singapore (where it says "Huayu"). It is based on the Beijing dialect, the dialect of Mandarin as spoken in Beijing is based. The government intends for speakers of all Chinese language Varieties to use it as a common language of communication. Therefore, it is used in government agencies, the media, and as language of instruction in schools.
In the People's Republic China and Taiwan, diglossia has been a common feature: it is common for a Chinese can speak two or even three varieties of Sinitic languages (or ialects) along with standard Mandarin. For example, in addition to a Putonghua speaking residents of Shanghai and Shanghai could not be there when they grow up, his or her local dialect as well. Born in Guangzhou can speak standard Cantonese and Mandarin, a resident of Taiwan, both in Taiwan and Putonghua / Guoyu. A person living in Taiwan can generally mix Pronunciation, phrases and words from Standard Mandarin and Taiwanese, and this mixture is considered normal under many circumstances. In Hong Kong Standard Mandarin is beginning to its Place alongside English and Cantonese standard to take the official languages.
Linguistics
Main article: Identification of the varieties of Chinese
Linguists often view Chinese as a language family, although because of the socio-political and cultural situation of China and the fact that all spoken varieties use a common writing system, It is customary to refer these usually mutually unintelligible variants as "the Chinese language." The diversity of the variants is comparable with Sinitic the Romance languages.
From a purely descriptive term "languages" and "dialects" are simply arbitrary groups of similar idiolects, and the difference is negligible, linguists who are only with the description of the regional technical speeches affected. However, the idea of a single large overtones language political and cultural self-identity, and explains the level of emotion on this issue. Most Chinese and Chinese linguists refer to As the only Chinese language and its subdivisions dialects, while others call Chinese a language family.
Chinese themselves has a term for its unified writing, Zhongwen (), whereas the nearest equivalent is used to describe its spoken variants would be Hanyu (, s Poken language [of the Han-Chinese]) of its could mandate either anguage LANGUAGES or translated, since Chinese possesses no grammatical figures. In the Chinese language, there is much less need for a uniform Speech and writing continuum, as two separate character morphemes and Wen Yu specified. Ethnic Chinese often consider these variants as a spoken language only for reasons of Nationality and how they inherit a common cultural and linguistic heritage in Classical Chinese. Native Han Wu, Min, Hakka and Cantonese, can consider, for example, their own linguistic varieties as separate spoken languages, but the Han Chinese race as onelbeit internally very diversethnicity. To Chinese nationalists, the idea the Chinese language family may suggest that the Chinese identity is much more fragmented and divided than it actually is and as such is often considered as culturally and politically provocative. In addition, in Taiwan, it is closely associated with Taiwanese independence, where some supporters of Taiwan independence promotion the local Taiwanese Minnan-based language.
Within the People's Republic of China and Singapore, it is for the government to all departments of the Sinitic Language (s) next to relate Standard Mandarin, as fangyan (egional tongues often translated as ialects) together. Modern-day to communicate with Chinese speakers of all kinds, written on a formal standard Language, though these modern literary language is modeled after Mandarin, as a rule of modern Beijing dialect.
Language and nationality
The term sinophone, in analogy marked for Anglophone and Francophone, refers to those people to speak the Chinese language, native or prefer it as a medium of communication. The term derives by Sina, the Latin word for the old China.
Written Chinese
Main article: Written Chinese
Chinese characters evolved over the time from earlier forms of hieroglyphs. The idea that all Chinese characters are pictograms or ideograms, either, is a mistaken: most characters contain phonetic Parts, components and composites of phonetic and semantic radicals. Only the simplest characters, such as Ren (human), RI (Sun), Shan (mountain), shui (water), can very picturesque backgrounds. In 100 CE, the famous scholar in the HN-X Shn Dynasty characters classified into six categories, namely, pictograms, ideograms simple, compound Ideographs, phonetic loans, phonetic compounds and derivative characters. Of these, only 4% ranked as pictographs and 8090% as phonetic complexes consisting of one element, shows the semantic meaning, and an element that shows the phonetic pronunciation. In general, the phonetic element more accurately and more important than the semantic. [Edit] There about 214 radicals recognized in the Kangxi Dictionary.
Modern signs are in accordance with the standard script (Kish) styled (see styles below). Several other styles are written also be used in East Asian calligraphy, including seal script (zhunsh), italic script (ch) and clerical script LSH (). Calligraphy artists can to write in traditional and simplified characters, but to rather use traditional characters for traditional art.
Different styles of Chinese calligraphy.
There are currently two systems for Chinese characters. The traditional system, still in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macau and Chinese speaking communities used (with Exception of Singapore and Malaysia), the outside of the People's Republic of China, takes its form from standardized character forms dating from the late Han Dynasty. The Simplified Chinese Character system, developed by the People's Republic of China in 1954 to improve on mass literacy, simplifies complex traditional glyphs fewer strokes, many common caoshu Shorthand versions.
Singapore, which has a large Chinese community, the firstnd currently adopt the onlyoreign nation officially simplified characters, although it is also the de facto standard for younger ethnic Chinese in Malaysia have become. The Internet provides the platform to practice reading the alternative system, be it traditional or simplified.
A well-educated Chinese today recognizes approximately 6.000 to 7.000 characters, about 3,000 characters are required to read a Mainland newspaper. The Government of the PRC defines literacy rate among the workers as a knowledge of 2,000 characters if it would be only functional literacy. A large Unabridged Dictionary, such as the Kangxi dictionary over 40,000 characters, including obscure variant, rare, and archaic characters, less than a quarter of these characters are now commonly used.
History
History of China
ANCIENT
Three and five monarchs Emperor
Xia Dynasty 21001600 BCE
Shang Dynasty 16001046 BCE
Zhou Dynasty 1045256 BCE
Western Zhou
Eastern Zhou
Spring and Autumn Period
Warring States Period
IMPERIAL
Qin Dynasty 221 BC BCE206
Han Dynasty 206 CE BCE220
Western Han
Xin Dynasty
Eastern Han
Three Kingdoms 220 280
Wei, Shu and Wu
Jin dynasty 265 420
Western Jin
16 Kingdoms
304 439
Eastern Jin Dynasty
Southern and Northern Dynasties
420 589
Sui Dynasty 581 618
Tang Dynasty 618 907
(Second Zhou 690 705)
Five Dynasties &
10 Kingdoms
907 960
Liao Dynasty
9071125
Song Dynasty
9601279
Northern Song
W. Xia
Southern Song
Jin
Yuan Dynasty 12711368
Ming Dynasty 13681644
Qing Dynasty 16441911
MODERN
Republic of China 19121949
People's Republic
China
1949resent
Republic
China
(Taiwan)
1945resent
Related Articles
Chinese historiography
Chronology of Chinese History
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Linguistic history
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Economic history
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Science and technology history
Legal History
Media History
Military History
Naval History
This box: Talk Edit
Main article: History of the Chinese language
Most linguists classify all varieties of modern spoken Chinese as part of the Sino-Tibetan language family and believe that it is an original language, called Proto-Sino-Tibetan, from which descended the Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman languages. The relationship between the Chinese sino-Tibetan and other languages is an area of active research, as well as the attempt to reconstruct Proto-Sino-Tibetan. The main difficulty in this effort is that as long as it can be enough documentation to reconstruct an ancient Chinese lute, there are no written documents to the separation of Proto-Sino-Tibetan and Chinese ancient records. In addition, many of the older languages would allow us to reconstruct the Proto-Sino-Tibetan are very poorly understood and many techniques for the analysis of the origin of the (fusional) Indo-European languages of PIE not developed in Chinese, an isolating languages, because the "morphological poverty" apply primarily to ancient Chinese.
Categorization of the development of China is a subject of scientific debate. One of the first systems was supported by the Swedish linguist Bernhard Karlgren developed in the early 1900s, most current systems rely heavily on Karlgren insights and methods.
Old Chinese, sometimes referred to as Called Archaic Chinese, "was the common language during the early and middle Zhou Dynasty (1122 BCE256 BCE), the text of inscriptions on bronze artifacts belong to the poetry of Shjng, the history of Shjng, and parts of the Yjng (I Ching). provide the phonetic elements in the majority of Chinese characters found evidence to their ancient Chinese pronunciation. The pronunciation of the borrowed Chinese characters in Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean also provide valuable insights. Old Chinese was not wholly uninflected. It had a rich sound system in which aspiration or rough breathing differentiated the consonants, but probably was still without tones. Work on the reconstruction of ancient Chinese began QNG dynasty philologists. Some of the early Indo-European loan words in Chinese have been proposed, particularly m "Honey," sh "Lions" and perhaps m "horse," Qun "dog" and "goose". The source said that the reconstruction of the ancient Chinese are preliminary, and not final, so no conclusions should be drawn. The reconstruction of the ancient Chinese can not be perfect, so this hypothesis can be questioned. The source further notes that the southern Chinese dialects have more than monosyllabic words Mandarin Chinese dialects.
Middle Chinese was the language during the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Su, TNG used, and SNG dynasties (6th to 10th century AD). It can be divided in an early period, also in the "Qiyn" Rhyme Book (601 CE), and a late period in the 10th Century, from the "Gungyn against" rhyme book. Linguists are confident of having reconstructed how Middle Chinese sounded. The evidence for the pronunciation of Middle Chinese comes from several sources rhyme: modern dialect variations, rhyming dictionaries, foreign inscription " Tables "of ancient Chinese philologists designed to provide an overview of the phonetic system and Chinese phonetic translations of foreign words. However, all reconstructions tentative; some scientists have argued that attempts to reconstruct, we say, from the modern Cantonese Cantopop modern rhymes would be a rather inaccurate picture of the spoken language of today.
The development of spoken Chinese language from early historical times to the present has been complex. Most Chinese people in Shun and in a wide arc from the northeast (Manchuria) in the southwest (Yunnan), use different Mandarin dialects as their mother tongue. The prevalence of Mandarin throughout northern China is mainly north China plains. In contrast, promoted, mountains and rivers of central and southern China linguistic Diversity.
Until the mid-20th Century, who spoke only their native southern most local variety of Chinese. As Nanjing was the capital during the early Ming dynasty, Nanjing Mandarin dominant until at least the later years of the Qing Dynasty. Since 17 Century, the Qing dynasty had put orthoepy academies (; Zhngyn Shyun) to make pronunciation, to match the standard of the capital Beijing. For the general population, but this had little effect. The non-Mandarin speakers in southern China will continue to use their different languages for every aspect of life. The Beijing Mandarin court standard was used only by officials and staff and was therefore quite limited.
This situation did not come until the mid-20th Century with the establishment (both in the PRC and the ROC change, but not in Hong Kong) of a compulsory school System for teaching standard Mandarin required. As a result of Mandarin Chinese is now spoken by almost all young and middle-aged citizens mainland and Taiwan. Standard Cantonese, Not Mandarin, was in Hong Kong during the period of British colonial rule (used because of its large Cantonese native and immigrant population) and is still the official language of education, formal language, and daily life, but Mandarin is becoming increasingly influential after delivery of the 1997th
Classical Chinese Once the lingua franca was in neighboring Asian countries like Japan, Korea and Vietnam for centuries before the advent of European influences in the 19th Century.
Influences on other languages
In the history of Chinese culture and politics had a major impact on independent languages such as Korean and Japanese. Korean and Japanese writings deal both Chinese characters (Hanzi), which are called Hanja and Kanji, or
The Vietnamese term for Chinese Scripture is Hn t. It was the only available method for writing Vietnamese until the 14th Century almost exclusively from the use of Chinese-educated Vietnamese Lites. From 14 until the late 19th Century, nm with Vietnamese Ch, a modified Chinese script involving sounds and syllables for native Vietnamese speakers written. Ch nm has been completely replaced by a modified Latin script by the Jesuit missionary Alexander de Rhodes, a system of diacritical marks to indicate tones, as well as modified consonants has created. About 60% of modern Vietnamese lexicon as Hn-Vi (Sino-Vietnamese) recognized most of them from the Middle Chinese was borrowed.
used in South Korea, the Hangul alphabet is generally, but Hanja is used as a kind of bold. In North Korea, Hanja has been set. Since the modernization Japan in the late 19 Century, they have have debate about abandoning the use of Chinese characters, but the practical benefits of a radically new script has not considered sufficient.
In Chinese characters derived from or write Zhuang logos, songs, although it is not a Chinese Zhuang dialect. Since the 1950s, the Zhuang language in a modified Latin alphabet written.
Languages within the influence of Chinese culture have a very large number of loan words from Chinese. Fifty percent or more of Korean vocabulary is of Chinese origin, also for a significant share of the Japanese and Vietnamese vocabulary. Chinese has also borrowed a lot from many grammatical properties of these and neighboring languages, particularly the lack of gender and the use of classifiers. [Edit]
are loan words from Chinese is also available in European languages like English. Examples of such words are "tea" from the Minnan pronunciation (POJ: t), "ketchup" from the Minnan pronunciation of (koe-tsiap) and "Kumquat" from the Cantonese pronunciation (KAM KUAT).
Phonology
For detailed information on phonology of Chinese see the respective main articles of each spoken variety.
The phonological structure of each syllable consists of a core, consisting from a vowel (which can be a Monophthong, diphthong, or even a triphthong in certain varieties) with an optional onset or coda consonant as well as a sound. There are some cases in which a vowel is not used as a core. An example of this is in Cantonese, where the nasal Sonorant consonants / m / and / / can stand alone as its own syllable.
Across all the spoken varieties tend to be most syllables are open syllables, ie they have no coda, syllables, but have codas to / m /, / s /, / /, / P /, / t /, / k limited / or / /. Some species, most of these codas, whereas others, such as Mandarin, are only two, namely / n limited and / / /. Consonant clusters do not occur usually either the beginning or coda. The beginning is an affricate or a consonant followed by a semi-vowel, but these are generally not as consonant clusters.
is the number of sounds in different dialects varies, but generally there is a tendency for a reduction of noise were from the Middle Chinese. The Mandarin dialects in particular have experienced a dramatic decrease in sounds and so have far more multisyllabic words than most other varieties spoken. The total number of syllables in some varieties is therefore only about a thousand, including tonal variation, only about one eighth as many as in English.
All varieties of spoken Chinese use notes. A few dialects from North China, only three notes, while some dialects in south China have up to 6 or 10 tones, depending on how one counts. An exception to this is Shanghainese which has reduced the number of tones, a two-tone pitch accent system much like modern Japanese.
A well known example used to the use of tones in Chinese, the four main tones of Standard Mandarin Applied illustrating the syllable "ma". The tones, these five characters : Match
(M) "mother" IGH-level
(M) "hemp" or "lazy" hubs rising
(M) "horse" ow are rising
(M grumble) "" IGH fall
(Ma) "question particle" eutral
Listen to the sounds
This is a recording of the four main tones. Fifth, or neutral, the sound is not included.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.
Transcription
The Chinese had no uniform phonetic spelling system to the middle of the 20th Century, although expression patterns in the early rhyme books and dictionaries are included. Early Indian Translators work in Sanskrit and Pali, were the first attempt to describe the sounds and patterns of the Chinese pronunciation in a foreign language. After 15th Century, led the efforts of the Jesuits and the Western missionaries in Latin transliteration some rudimentary judicial systems based on the Nanjing Mandarin dialect.
Romanization
Main article: Romanization of Chinese
Romanization is the process of transcription of a language in the Latin alphabet. There are many systems of romanization for the Chinese languages by the lack of a native phonetic transcription until modern times. Chinese is first known in Latin characters were from the Western Christian Missionaries in the 16th Century written.
Today is the most common Standard Mandarin romanization standard for Pinyin, Pinyin is often only in the year 1956 by the People's Republic China introduced and later adopted aware of Singapore (see Chinese language romanization in Singapore) and Taiwan. Pinyin is now almost universally for teaching Chinese Standard spoken in schools and universities across America, Australia and Europe used. Chinese Pinyin parents to teach their children the sounds and tones teaching new words. The Pinyin romanization is is usually under a picture of the substance, the word shown, together with the Chinese characters.
The second most common romanization system, the Wade-Giles, was invented by Thomas Wade in 1859 and modified by Herbert Giles in 1892. As this system resembles the phonology of Mandarin Chinese into English consonants and vowels, ie it is a anglicisation, it can be especially helpful for novice speakers of an English-Chinese background. Wade-Giles was in found in academic use in the United States, was particularly in the 1980s and until recently, commonly used in Taiwan.
If, within the European Texts are used, the tone in both Pinyin and Wade-Giles transcriptions often omitted for simplicity, Wade-Giles' extensive use of apostrophes is usually omitted. Thus, in most Western readers more familiar with Beijing, as they are with Bijng (Pinyin), and as a Taipei T'ai-pei (Wade-Giles).
Here are a few examples of Pinyin and Wade-Giles, for comparison:
Mandarin Romanization Comparison
Characters
Wade-Giles
Hanyu Pinyin
Notes
Chung1-kuo
Zhnggu
"China"
Pei-ching1
Bijng
Capital of the People's Republic of China
T'ai-pei
Tibi
Capital of the Republic China
Mao Tse-tung1
Mon Zdng
Formerly communist Chinese leaders
Chiang-shih Chieh4
Jing Jish
Former Chinese Nationalist Guides (better to English speakers as Chiang Kai-shek announced with Cantonese pronunciation)
K'ung Tzu
Kng Z
"Confucius"
Other systems include the Romanization of Chinese Gwoyeu Romatzyh, the French EFEO, Yale (invented during the Second World War for the U.S. troops) and separate systems for Cantonese, Minnan, Hakka and other Chinese languages or dialects.
Other transcription
Chinese languages have been phonetically in many other Writings transcribed over the centuries. The Phagspa script, for example, was very helpful in reconstructing the pronunciation of the pre-modern forms of Chinese.
Zhuyin (also bopomofo called), a semi-syllabary is still far in the elementary schools of Taiwan to the standard debate aid. Although bopomofo characters reminiscent of the Katakana script, there is no source of The assertion, Katakana, the basis for the system was Zhuyin substantiate. A comparison of the table exists in the Pinyin Zhuyin Zhuyin article. Syllables was based on Pinyin and Zhuyin also by considering the following items can be compared:
Pinyin table
Zhuyin table
In addition, there are at least two systems cyrillization for the Chinese. The most common is the Palladius system.
Grammar and morphology
Main article: Chinese Grammar
Modern Chinese has often been erroneously classified as "Monosyllabic" language. While most single syllable morphemes, the modern Chinese today is much less a monosyllabic language in which nouns, adjectives and verbs are largely di-syllabic. The tendency to create two-syllable words in the modern Chinese languages, especially Mandarin, has particularly pronounced when the classical Chinese compared. Traditional Chinese is a highly isolating language, each morpheme usually one syllable and a single character; Modern Chinese equivalent but has the tendency to new By two-syllable words form, Tetra-and tri-syllabic nature of agglutination. In fact, some linguists argue that the classification of modern Chinese language as an isolated is misleading, for this reason alone.
Chinese morphology is strictly limited to a fixed number of syllables with a relatively rigid construction, the morphemes, the smallest elements of language are tied. While many of these single-syllable morphemes (z, in Chinese) alone as individual words are, they are more often than not polysyllabic Compounds, as is known, c (), which is more like the traditional Western notion of a word. A Chinese c (ord) is more than one character-morpheme, consisting of the Usually two, but there are three or more.
For example:
According to Yun (traditional)
Yun loud (simplified)
Hanbaobao / Hanbao Amburger (Traditional)
Hanbaobao / Hanbao "Hamburger" (simplified)
Where, I
Ren eople
Diqiu Arth (globosity)
Shandian ightning (Traditional)
Shandian "Blitz" (simplified)
Meng Ries (Traditional)
Meng "Dream" (simplified)
All varieties of modern Chinese are analytic languages in which they depend, the syntax (word order and sentence structure) rather than morphology.e., changes in the form of the function Wordo type the word in a sentence. In other words, some Chinese have grammatical inflections, has no tenses, no voices, no numbers (singular, plural, though there are plural marker, for example, for personal pronouns), and only a few objects (that means "the one, one" in English). However, there is a difference between the sexes in the written language (such as "he" and "they" are), but it was noted that this is a relatively new introduction into the Chinese language in the twentieth century.
They make heavy use of grammatical particles to indicate aspect and mood. In Mandarin Chinese, this means the use of particles as le, hai, Yijing, etc.
Chinese features Subject Verb Object word order, and how many other languages in East Asia, makes frequent use of the topic-comment structure, Sentences to form. Chinese also has an extensive system of classifiers and measure words, another train with neighboring languages such as Japanese and Korean together. See Chinese Classifiers for a comprehensive report on the issue.
Other notable grammatical features of spoken for all varieties of Chinese include the use of serial verb construction, pronoun subject and the related subject of fall.
Although the grammar of the spoken varieties share many characteristics, they have differences. See Chinese grammar for the grammar of Standard Mandarin (the standardized Chinese language), and the article on the other varieties of Chinese for their respective grammars.
Tones and homophones
Official modern Mandarin has spoken only 400 monosyllables, but more than 10,000 characters, so there are many Meanings only distinguishable by the four tones. Again, this is often not enough if the context and exact phrase or c identified.
The mono-syllable j, first tone in standard Mandarin, meets the following characters: chicken, machinery, basic to, take (), hunger, and sum. In speech, must glyphing a syllable to its meaning by the context be determined by or with respect to other morphemes (eg "some" in the opposite of "none"). Native speakers can specify what words or phrases in their name, are found for the convenience of the letter: Mngzi jio Jiyng, Jilng de Jing Ji, Ynggu de yng "My name is Jiyng that Jia for Jialing River and the Ying for the short form, Chinese in the UK. "
Southern Chinese varieties such as Cantonese and Hakka get more about the Middle Chinese rhymes and have more tones. The recent examples of j, such as "stimulating," "chicken" and "machine", clear pronunciation in Mandarin (with Romanized have Jyutping): gik1, gai1 and gei1 respectively. For this reason, the southern varieties tend to have fewer polysyllabic words.
Vocabulary
This section is not sufficient evidence or sources.
Please help improve this article by citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009)
The entire Chinese character corpus since antiquity, consists of well over 20,000 characters, of which only about 10,000 now in common use. Though Chinese characters should not be confused with Chinese words, as most Chinese words are made of two or more different characters, there are often is more than words of Chinese characters.
Estimates of the total number of Chinese words and phrases are very different. The zidian Hanyu Da, an all-inclusive compendium of Chinese characters, contains 54,678 entries for the characters head, including bones Oracle versions. The Zhonghua Zihai (1994) contains 85 568 entries for the head character definitions, and is the largest reference work on a purely literary character and its variants are based.
The most comprehensive pure linguistic Chinese Language dictionary, the 12-Volumed cidian Hanyu Da, more than 23,000 Chinese characters head records, and gives over 370,000 definitions. The 1999 revised Cihai, a multi-volume encyclopedic dictionary reference book gives 122,836 vocabulary entry definitions under 19,485 Chinese characters, including proper names, phrases and common zoological, geographical, sociological, scientific and technical terms.
The latest edition of 2007 5 Xiandai Hanyu cidian, an authoritative one-volume Dictionary of modern Chinese language as the default on the Chinese mainland, has 65,000 entries and places the head 11 000 characters.
Loanwords
See also: transcription and translation into Chinese neologisms in Chinese characters
As any other language, has a significant number of Chinese loan words absorbed from other cultures. Most Chinese words are made up of native Chinese morphemes, including words to describe the imported objects and ideas. However, a direct phonetic borrowing of foreign words has gone on since ancient times.
Words borrowed from along the Silk Road since Old Chinese include "Grapes", "pomegranate" and "lion." Some words were borrowed from Buddhist scriptures, including the 'Buddha' and "Bodhisattva". Other words came from nomadic peoples in the north, like "hutong". Words borrowed from the peoples along the Silk Road such as "Grapes" (PTO in Mandarin) usually have Persian etymologies. Buddhist terminology is generally derived from the Sanskrit and Pli, the liturgical languages North India. Words from the nomadic tribes of the Gobi, Mongolian or borrowed Northeast generally have Altaic etymologies, such as "Ppa," the Chinese Lute, or "cheese" or "yoghurt", but for exactly the Altai-source is not always clear.
Modern borrowings and loan words
Modern Neologisms are translated into first place in China in three ways: free translation (of importance), phonetic translation (of sound) and a combination of the above two (Partially transcriptive with careful selection of the sense-encoding characters). Today it is much more likely to use existing Chinese morphemes coin, new words introduced to concepts, such as technical expressions represented. Any Latin or Greek etymologies are dropped and converted into the corresponding importance of supporting Chinese characters (such as anti-rule ", literally opposite), making them more understandable for the Chinese, but the introduction of more Difficulties in understanding foreign texts. For example, the word phonetically as a loan phone (Shanghai: tlfon [tlfo] Standard Mandarin: dlfng) in the 1920s in Shanghai and widely used, but later the Japanese (dinhu "electric speech"), built of native Chinese morphemes, was widespread. Other examples are (dinsh "Electric Vision") to television (Dinno "electric brain") for computers; (Shuj "hand machine") for mobile phone, and (Lny "blue tooth") for Bluetooth. (Zh WNG "internet log book") for blog in Cantonese or people in Hong Kong and Macau. Occasionally, half-transliteration, semi-translation compromises are accepted, such as (hnbo bo ", Hamburg bun") for the hamburgers. Sometimes translations, so that they sound like the original designed and also includes Chinese morphemes, such as (tulj, "tractor," literally "dragging-pulling machine"), or for the video game character Mario. This is often done for commercial purposes, jump, for example (bntng "running") for Pentium and (Sibiwi "tastes better than a hundred") for Subway restaurants.
Foreign words, especially proper nouns (names of people, places) to continue the Chinese language, the type of transcription factors to their Debate. This is done through the use of Chinese characters with similar pronunciation. For example, "Israel" is (ysli Pinyin:), "Paris" is (bl Pinyin:). A fairly small number of direct transliterations have survived as common words, including SHF "sofa" md "engine" yum "Humor," luj "logic", shmo "smart, modern and xisdl" hysterical ". Most of these words were originally in the Shanghai dialect during the early 20th Century and were later borrowed characterized in Mandarin, so that their pronunciation in Mandarin is quite of the English be. For example, in Shanghai and actually more like the English "sofa" and "engine noise."
Western foreign words have great impact on the Chinese language since the 20th Century had, by transcription. From French came (bli, "ballet"), (xingbn, "Champagne") on Italian (KFI "caff"). The English influence is particularly strong. From the early 20th Century Shanghai are borrowed many English words. ZB. the above (SHF "sofa"), (yum "Humor"), and (Gorf, "Golf"). Later U.S. soft influences was (DSK, "Disco"), (cl, "Cola") and (Mn, "Mini (Rock)"). Modern colloquial Cantonese has significant borrowings from English as Cartoon (cartoon), (gay men), (taxi), (bus). With the increasing popularity of the Internet, there is a current trend in China English transcription of the coinage, for example. (FNS, "Fans"), (HIK, "hacker", literally "black guest"), (Blug, blog, literally "Interconnected network trunks") in Taiwanese Mandarin.
Another result of English influence on the occurrence of so-called Chinese (Lettered words) in of modern Chinese texts with foreign scripts written letters. This has appeared in magazines, newspapers, websites and on the television screen: 3 Generation mobile radio (one three shou ji + + generation mobile phones), IT "IT environment," HSK (Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi), GB (guobiao), CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight Jia4 + price); e 'Electronic home' (jia1ting1 ome); W 'Wireless Generation "(shi2dai4 eneration), Call, TV,' post-PC era" (after hou / post + PC + computer ERSONAL Shi dai era), etc.
Since 20 Century, another source of Japan. The use of existing kanji, the Chinese characters in Japanese Language, the Japanese used newly formed European concepts and inventions in wasei-kango (literally Japanese-made Chinese), and then borrowed a lot of those in modern Chinese. Examples are dinhu (, Denwa, "phone"), shhu (, shakai, "society"), kxu (, Kagaku, "Science") and chuxing (, chsh, "abstract"). Other terms were by the Japanese, influenced by new senses existing Chinese terms or expressions with reference to in classical Chinese literature used. For example, jngj (, Keizai), which meant in the original Chinese "the Functioning of the state, "was narrowed to" economy "in Japanese, this narrowed definition was then reimported into Chinese. As a result, these concepts of native Chinese barely words: Indeed, there is some dispute about some of these conditions, whether Japanese or Chinese they coined first. As a result of this back and forth process, Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese share corpus of terms describing modern terminology, in parallel with a similar corpus of terms from the Greek and Latin terms, under the European languages built together.
Learn Chinese
See also: Chinese as a foreign or Second Language
With the growing global importance and influence of the Chinese economy, Mandarin is gaining in popularity classes in schools in the U.S. and is an increasingly popular topic of study among young people in the western world, as in Britain.
In 1991 there were 2,000 foreign students China's official Chinese Proficiency Test (similar to the English Cambridge Certificate), while in 2005 was the number of applicants has risen sharply to 117 660.
See also
China portal
Chinese characters
Chinese exclamative particles
Chinese honorifics
Chinese classifier
Chinese number gestures
Chinese numbers
Chinese punctuation
Classical Chinese Grammar
Four-character idiom
Han unification
Haner language
HSK test
Languages of China
North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics
N shu
References
DeFrancis, John (1984). The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1068-6.
Hannas, William C. (1997). Asia's Orthographic Dilemma. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1892-X.
Norman, Jerry (1988). Chinese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29653-6.
Qiu, Xigui (2000). The Chinese writing. Society for the Study of Early China and Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 1-55729-071-7.
Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). The languages of China. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691 to 01 468-X.
Footnotes
^ Http: / / www.china-language.gov.cn/ (Chinese)
^ Http: / / mandarin.org.sg / html / home.htm [dead link]
* ^ David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 312 He is mutual unintelligibility of the varieties of the most important reason for them as separate languages.
Charles N. Li, Sandra A. Thompson. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (1989), 2nd P he Chinese language family is genetically classified an independent branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
Jerry Norman. Chinese (1988), p.1. He modern Chinese dialects are really more like a family of language.
John DeFrancis. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy (1984), p.56. "So Chinese call a single language of dialects with varying degrees of difference is that by minimizing disparities misled by the Chao are so great as that between English and Dutch. Shall encourage a Chinese family of languages is on extra-linguistic differences that exist in reality and not to be overlooked, interpret the unique linguistic situation that exists in China. "
^ Mair, Victor H. (1991). "What a Chinese" Dialect / Topolect "is? Reflections on Some Key Sino-English-speaking terms "(PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. Http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp029_chinese_dialect.pdf.
^ Analysis of The term "wave" in PST.
^ Encyclopedia Britannica, sv "Chinese Language", "Old Chinese vocabulary already contained many words in the rule not occurring in the other Sino-Tibetan languages. The words for oney 'and ion', and probably ORSE, 'og', and OOSE, "are connected with Indo-European and were acquired through trade and early contacts. (The nearest known Indo-European languages were Tocharian and Sogdian, a middle Iranian language.) A number of words have Austroasiatic cognates and point to early contacts with the ancestral language of Muong-Vietnamese and Mon-Khmer ", Jan Ulenbrook, Some DM accord between Chinese and Indo-DEM (1967) proposed that Article 57, see Tsung-tung Chang, 1988 Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese;.
^ * Sheng Ding and Robert A. Saunders, Talking Up China: An Analysis of China's Rising Cultural Power and Global Promotion of Chinese Language East Asia, Summer 2006, Vol 23, No. 2, pp. 4
^ Zhou, Minglang: Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949-2002 (Walter de Gruyter 2003), ISBN 3-11-017896-6, p. 251 258.
^ DeFrancis (1984) p.42 counts with 1277 as the Chinese tonal syllables, and about 398-418, if tones are not taken into account, he quotes Jespersen, Otto (1928) monosyllabic in English, London, p.15 for a number of over 8000 syllables for English.
^ BBC NEWS | UK | Magazine | How hard is to learn Chinese?
^ (Chinese) "200 512", Xinhua News Agency, 16 January 2006.
Further Reading
ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary. Editor: John de Francis. (2003) University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2766-X.
ABC etymological dictionary of Old Chinese. Axel Schuessler. 2007th University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. ISBN 978-0-8248-2975-9.
External Links
Chinese language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Keys to the Chinese Language: Book IIoogle Books
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Chinese language (s)
Spoken varieties
Main subdivisions
Mandarin
Northeastern Jilu Jiao-Liao Zhongyuan Southwestern Taiwanese Mandarin Lanyin Jianghuai Dungan Xuzhou Beijing Luoyang, Jinan, Kunming, Shenyang, Harbin Karamay Nanking Sichuan Dalian Qingdao Guanzhong Weihai
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Yue
Cantonese Gaoyang Siyi Goulou Wuhua Yongxun Luoguang Qinlian Guanbao Haihua Tanka Taishan
Min
When Min Min Dong Min Nan Min Zhong Qiong Wen Taiwanese Minnan Puxian Jian'ou Hokkien Teochew Haifeng Zhenan Fuzhou Longyan Zhanjiang Leizhou Nanlang Zhongshan Sanxiang Zhangzhou Quanzhou Amoy Shantou
Xiang
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Gan
Jing Ying Chang Yi Yi Liu Da Tong
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Conditions
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Recognition
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Sometimes, one in Europe cover, as the by definition of the border. 2 Officially known as Myanmar. 3 Sometimes included in Oceania, and also known as Timor-Leste. 4 Transcontinental country. 5 Generally known as Taiwan.
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